The new Qiskit Textbook beta is now available. Try it out now
Hamiltonian Tomography

# Hamiltonian Tomography

## Introduction

The cross resonance gate for entangling qubits was introduced in this section of the Qiskit Textbook, where it is assumed the transmon is a qubit and the Schrieffer-Wolff transformation is applied to yield an effective Hamiltonian

$$\tilde{H}_{\rm eff}^{\rm CR} = - \frac{\Delta_{12}}{2}\sigma_1^z + \frac{\Omega(t)}{2} \left(\sigma_2^x - \frac{J}{2\Delta_{12}} \sigma_1^z \sigma_2^x \right),$$

where $\Delta_{12} = \tilde{\omega}_1-\tilde{\omega}_2$ is the difference between the dressed frequencies of the qubits, $\Omega$ is the cross resonance drive strength, and $J$ is the qubit-qubit coupling. We will use a common simplified notation for these interaction terms where the Pauli matrix is represented by a capital letter (with a hat to denote that it is an operator) and the qubit is represented by its position in a string, so for example we wish to isolate the $\hat{Z}\hat{X} = \hat{Z} \otimes \hat{X} = \sigma_1^z \otimes \sigma_2^x = \sigma_1^z \sigma_2^x$ interaction that is used to build the controlled-NOT gate from the $\hat{Z}\hat{I} = \sigma_1^z \otimes \sigma_2^0$ and $\hat{I}\hat{X} = \sigma_1^0 \otimes \sigma_2^x$ terms. Here the matrix $\sigma_i^0$ represents the identity matrix on qubit $i$.

In addition to understanding these extra terms, since the transmon has higher energy levels and actual experiments may have other interactions, due to crosstalk for example, when applying an entangling operation, it is not always obvious which Pauli rotations will be generated. Here we assume a cross resonance Hamiltonian of the following form:

$$\hat{H} = \frac{\hat{Z} \otimes \hat{A}}{2} + \frac{\hat{I} \otimes \hat{B}}{2} = a_{x} \hat{Z}\hat{X} + a_{y} \hat{Z}\hat{Y} + a_{z} \hat{Z}\hat{Z} + b_{x} \hat{I}\hat{X} + b_{y} \hat{I}\hat{Y} + b_{z} \hat{I}\hat{Z}$$

where we will omit the Kronecker product symbol $\otimes$ for succinctness. We refer to the first Pauli operator acting on the control qubit and second operators acting on the target qubits, as in the effective Hamiltonian above. While the form of the cross resonance Hamiltonian is known, the individual coefficients $a_{\mu}, b_{\nu}$ are not known. Note that these coefficients are also referred to as the strengths of the interaction they correspond to, i.e. $a_x$ is the $ZX$ interaction rate, etc. We must then find a way of extracting the coefficients from measurements made on the system after the cross resonance pulse is applied for different durations. Before we proceed, it should be noted that cross resonance operation also generates a $\hat{Z}\hat{I}$ interaction arising from a Stark shift (off-resonant drive that dressed the qubit frequency). This term can be extracted by preforming a Ramsey experiment on the control qubit. We will discuss this Ramsey procedure later on, so for now let us focus on the Hamiltonian that we wrote down.

The coefficients $a_{\mu}, b_{\nu}$ (interaction rates) will be extracted by taking six different measurements as a function of the duration of the pulse. The six measurements are of the expectation value of each Pauli term on the target qubit with the control qubit either in the ground or excited state. In the next section we will show how these measurements give us information about the coefficients.

## Fitting Functions

In order to extract the coefficients $a_{\mu}, b_{\nu}$, we need to know what function we expect to fit to the measurement data. The data we will be looking at will be the expectation value of Pauli operators as a function of pulse duration. In the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics, the evolution of the expectation value of an operator can be given as

$$\langle \hat{O}(t) \rangle = \langle e^{i\hat{H}t} \hat{O} e^{-i\hat{H}t} \rangle$$

Let $dt$ be an infinitesimally small time increment. Then we have

$$\langle \hat{O}(t+dt) \rangle = \langle (1+i\hat{H} dt)\hat{O}(t)(1-i\hat{H} dt) \rangle = \langle \hat{O}(t) \rangle +i dt \langle \left[\hat{H},\hat{O}\right] \rangle \Longrightarrow \frac{d\langle \hat{O} \rangle}{dt} = i \left[\hat{H},\hat{O}\right]$$

to first order in $dt$. We can evaluate the commutator for each of the Pauli operators:

$$\begin{split} &\left[\hat{H}, \hat{I}\hat{X}\right] = 2 i \left(a_{y} \hat{Z}\hat{Z} - a_{z} \hat{Z}\hat{Y} + b_{y} \hat{I}\hat{Z} - b_{z} \hat{I}\hat{Y}\right) \\ &\left[\hat{H},\hat{I}\hat{Y}\right] = 2 i \left(-a_{x} \hat{Z}\hat{Z} + a_{z} \hat{Z}\hat{X} - b_{x} \hat{I}\hat{Z} + b_{z} \hat{I}\hat{X}\right)\\ &\left[\hat{H}, \hat{I}\hat{Z}\right] = 2 i \left(a_{x} \hat{Z}\hat{Y} - a_{y} \hat{Z}\hat{X} + b_{x} \hat{I}\hat{Y} - b_{y} \hat{I}\hat{X}\right) \end{split}$$

If we let $n$ be the expectation value of the Pauli $\hat{Z}$ operator on the control qubit, then we can write down these commutators in terms of the expectation values of the target qubit:

$$\begin{split} &i\langle\left[\hat{H},\hat{I}\hat{X} \right]\rangle_{\rm control} = 2 \left(n a_{z} + b_{z}\right)\langle\hat{Y}\rangle - 2 \left(n a_{y} + b_{y}\right)\langle\hat{Z}\rangle \\ &i\langle\left[\hat{H}, \hat{I}\hat{Y}\right]\rangle_{\rm control} = 2\left(n a_{x} + b_{x}\right) \langle\hat{Z}\rangle-2 \left(n a_{z} + b_{z}\right) \langle\hat{X}\rangle \\ &i\langle\left[\hat{H}, \hat{I}\hat{Z}\right]\rangle_{\rm control} = 2 \left(n a_{y} + b_{y}\right) \langle\hat{X}\rangle - 2 \left(n a_{x} + b_{x}\right) \langle\hat{Y}\rangle \end{split}$$

where the expectation values on the right hand side are understood to be those of the target qubit, which will also be the case of the following discussion. Let us define $\vec{r}_n = \{\langle\hat{X}\rangle, \langle\hat{Y}\rangle, \langle\hat{Z}\rangle\}_n$ then we can use these commutators to write down a matrix equation for the time dependence of $\vec{r}$ depending on the Pauli-$Z$ value $n$ of the state of the control qubit. Then putting the above equations together

$$\frac{d}{dt} \begin{bmatrix} \langle \hat{X} \rangle \\ \langle \hat{Y} \rangle \\ \langle \hat{Z} \rangle \end{bmatrix} = 2 \begin{bmatrix} 0 & na_z + b_z & -n a_y - b_y \\ -na_z - b_z & 0 & n a_x + b_x \\ na_y + b_y & -na_x - b_x & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \langle \hat{X} \rangle \\ \langle \hat{Y} \rangle \\ \langle \hat{Z} \rangle \end{bmatrix}$$

or more compactly,

$$\frac{d\vec{r}_n(t)}{dt} = G_n \vec{r}_n(t),$$

where

$$G_n = 2 \begin{bmatrix} 0 & na_z + b_z & -n a_y - b_y \\ -na_z - b_z & 0 & n a_x + b_x \\ na_y + b_y & -na_x - b_x & 0 \end{bmatrix} \equiv \begin{bmatrix}0 & \Delta^n & -\Omega_y^n\\-\Delta^n & 0 & \Omega_x^n \\ \Omega_y^n & -\Omega_x^n & 0\end{bmatrix}.$$

Since $G_n$ is time independent we can easily integrate the differential equation with the initial state corresponding to $t=0$, yielding

$$\vec{r}_n(t) = e^{G_n t} \vec{r}_n(0).$$

We can find the matrix exponential, $e^{G_n t}$, by finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of $G_n$. The eigenvalues of $G_n$ are

$$\vec{g}_{n} = \{0, -i\sqrt{\Delta^2+\Omega_x^2+\Omega_y^2} , i\sqrt{\Delta^2+\Omega_x^2+\Omega_y^2}\}_n,$$

where for notational simplicity, the subscript $n$ denotes the appropriate values of $\Delta, \Omega_x, \Omega_y,$ given the state of the control qubit. We will not write down the eigenvectors because they are too cumbersome but it is straightforward to find them. Let $U$ be the transformation into the eigenbasis and let $\hat{D}_n$ be the diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues. Then we can rewrite the time dependence of $\vec{r}_n(t)$ as

$$\vec{r}_n(t) = U^{\dagger} e^{\hat{D}_n t} U\vec{r}_n(0).$$

Setting ${\vec{r}_n(0) = \{0,0,1}\}$ (which corresponds the target qubit starting in the $|0\rangle$ state) we have that

$$\begin{split} &\langle \hat{X}(t) \rangle_n = \frac{1}{\Omega^2}\left(-\Delta \Omega_x + \Delta\Omega_x\cos(\Omega t) + \Omega \Omega_y \sin(\Omega t)\right) \\ &\langle \hat{Y}(t) \rangle_n = \frac{1}{\Omega^2}\left(\Delta \Omega_y - \Delta\Omega_y\cos(\Omega t) - \Omega \Omega_x \sin(\Omega t)\right) \\ &\langle \hat{Z}(t) \rangle_n = \frac{1}{\Omega^2}\left(\Delta^2 + \left(\Omega_x^2+\Omega_y^2\right)\cos(\Omega t) \right) \end{split}$$

where $\Omega = \sqrt{\Delta^2+\Omega_x^2+\Omega_y^2}$ for each control qubit preparation $n$. In the subsequent sections, we will often drop the hat (^) on the operators.

## Using the Pulse Simulator

We will simulate on a model of a real device using the Pulse Simulator. First, load necessary libraries.

### Warning:

This chapter uses PulseSimulator backend in Qiskit Aer. There is a bug in the latest stable version regarding the measurement, and thus this installs stable/0.7. See Qiskit/qiskit-aer#1257 for details.

!pip install qiskit-aer==0.7

from qiskit import circuit, pulse, transpile, QuantumCircuit, schedule
from qiskit.pulse import Play
from qiskit.pulse.channels import ControlChannel, DriveChannel
from qiskit.pulse.library import drag, GaussianSquare
from qiskit.test.mock import FakeAthens
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

backend = FakeAthens()


Next, save the fake backend configuration and the sampling time $dt$. We will save the Hamiltonian parameters here for building a Duffing oscillator model later.

backend_config = backend.configuration()
ham_params = backend_config.hamiltonian['vars']
dt = backend_config.dt
print(f"Sampling time: {dt * 1e9} ns")

Sampling time: 0.2222222222222222 ns


First we grab all the pulse-level gate calibrations, then we get the CNOT operation between two qubits. We already know from experience with this particular backend that the CNOT operation contains a CR pulse implemented as a GaussianSquare on a particular channel, ControlChannel(1) . We use this knowledge we have about the form of that instruction to extract it from the overall CNOT pulse.Schedule by using the filter method.

qc = 1
qt = 0

backend_defaults = backend.defaults()
inst_sched_map = backend_defaults.instruction_schedule_map
cr_pulse = inst_sched_map.get('cx', (0, 1)).filter(channels = [ControlChannel(1)], instruction_types=[Play]).instructions[0][1].pulse


Cross resonance pulses are of type GaussianSquare, a square pulse with a Gaussian rise and fall. Currently, the waveform samples are returned from the instruction_schedule_map, so we must elucidate the GaussianSquare parameters to easily build our own cross resonance pulses. We can declare parameter as below:

pulse_amp = cr_pulse.parameters['amp']  #import amplitude from cr_pulse to match the phase

#declare pulse parameters and build GaussianSquare pulse
cr_params = {}
cr_params['duration'] = 688
cr_params['amp'] = pulse_amp
cr_params['sigma'] = 64
cr_params['width'] = 432
my_cr_pulse = GaussianSquare(**cr_params)


Let's build a test schedule to visualize the default cross resonance pulse against the one we just constructed.

fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2, sharex=True, figsize=(8, 7))

with pulse.build(backend, name="Default CR") as cr_sched_default:
pulse.play(cr_pulse, ControlChannel(1))
cr_sched_default.draw(backend = backend, axis=axes[0])
axes[0].set_xlabel("")

with pulse.build(backend, name="Custom CR") as cr_sched_custom:
pulse.play(my_cr_pulse, ControlChannel(1))
cr_sched_custom.draw(backend = backend, axis=axes[1])


Pretty good! This will be close enough for the Hamiltonian tomography experiment. Now, this pulse nominally executes $ZX(\theta=\pi/4)$ corresponding to the RZXGate because the cross resonance pulse is echoed: the first half will be a positive rotation dependent on the state of the control qubit, followed by an "echo pulse" that flips the control qubit, followed by a negative rotation dependent on the new state of the control qubit. This turns out to be equivalent to a $ZX(\theta=\pi/2)$, but we are just dealing with the first part of the pulse so that we can observe the full effect of the cross resonance interaction. We keep this in mind because this particular duration of cross resonance pulse will only take us an angle of $\theta=\pi/4$ around the Bloch sphere, and for the Hamiltonian tomography experiment we wish to traverse the Bloch sphere several times.

def build_cr_scheds(qc: int, qt: int, cr_times, phase = 0.0, ZI_MHz = 0.0) -> np.array:
"""Build an array of cross resonance schedules for the Hamiltonian tomography experiment.

Args:
qc: control qubit index
qt: target qubit index
cr_times: array of widths of the cross resonance pulses
phase: phase offset of the cross resonance pulse (rad)
ZI_MHz: ZI interaction rate (in MHz) to correct for with frame change
"""
tomo_circs = []

cr_gate = circuit.Gate('cr', num_qubits = 2, params = [])
cr_risefall = (cr_params['duration'] - cr_params['width']) / (2 * cr_params['sigma'])

for width in cr_times:
tomo_cr_params = cr_params.copy()
tomo_cr_params['duration'] = int(width + 2 * cr_risefall * cr_params['sigma'])
tomo_cr_params['width'] = width
framechange = 2 * np.pi * int(width) * dt * ZI_MHz * 1e6

with pulse.build(backend) as cr_sched:
uchan = pulse.control_channels(qc, qt)[0]
with pulse.phase_offset(phase, uchan):
pulse.play(GaussianSquare(**tomo_cr_params), uchan)

for basis in ['X', 'Y', 'Z']:
for control in ['0', '1']:
tomo_circ = circuit.QuantumCircuit(5)  #use all qubits to avoid error
if control == '1':
tomo_circ.x(qc)# flip control from |0> to |1>
tomo_circ.append(cr_gate, [qc, qt])  #apply custom cr_gate
tomo_circ.rz(-framechange, qc)  #apply frame change on the qc
tomo_circ.barrier(qc, qt)
if basis == 'X':
tomo_circ.h(qt)
elif basis == 'Y':
tomo_circ.sdg(qt)
tomo_circ.h(qt)
tomo_circ.measure_all()
tomo_circ.add_calibration(gate=cr_gate, qubits=[qc, qt], schedule=cr_sched)
tomo_circs.append(tomo_circ)

tomo_circs_transpiled = transpile(tomo_circs, backend, optimization_level = 1)
return schedule(tomo_circs_transpiled, backend)

# remember samples must be in multiples of 16
cr_times = 16*np.linspace(0, 500, 21)
cr_scheds = build_cr_scheds(qc, qt, cr_times)
cr_scheds[-1].draw(backend = backend)


Note how the final schedule consists of the control in the $|1\rangle$ state due to the $\pi$-pulse on d1 channel before the cross resonance pulse and this is measured in the $Z$-basis.

## Run Experiment on Backend Model Simulation

We will construct a Duffing oscillator model based on the Hamiltonian model of ibmq_athens by using PulseSystemModel. Then we collect the relevant Hamiltonian from the backend configuration.

from qiskit import assemble
from qiskit.providers.aer import PulseSimulator
from qiskit.providers.aer.pulse import PulseSystemModel

backend_model= PulseSystemModel.from_backend(backend)
backend_sim = PulseSimulator()
qubit_lo_freq = backend_model.hamiltonian.get_qubit_lo_from_drift()

def run_pulse(sched):
"""Runs the scheduled experiment on the simulated backend.

Args:
sched: pulse schedule to run
"""
# assemble the qobj
test_qobj = assemble(sched,
backend = backend_sim,
qubit_lo_freq = qubit_lo_freq,
meas_level = 1,
meas_return = 'avg',
shots = 2048)

# run simulation
sim_result = backend_sim.run(test_qobj, system_model=backend_model).result()
return sim_result.get_memory(0)

def run_ham_tomo(cr_times, cr_scheds):
"""Run Hamiltonian tomography experiment and return results.

Args:
cr_times: widths of cross resonance pulses
cr_scheds: array of pulse schedules for Ham Tomo experiment
"""
# expectation values of target conditioned on control
avg_t_c = np.zeros((6, len(cr_times)), dtype = complex)

# sanity check: expectation values of control conditioned on control
avg_c_c = np.zeros((6, len(cr_times)), dtype = complex)

for ii in range(len(cr_scheds)):
result = run_pulse(cr_scheds[ii])
avg_t_c[ii % 6, ii // 6] = 1 - 2 * result[qt]
avg_c_c[ii % 6, ii // 6] = result[qc]
print(ii + 1, "/",len(cr_scheds), end = "\r")

return np.real(avg_t_c), np.real(avg_c_c)


#### Warning! The Pulse Simulator is computationally intensive and each experiment consisting of runs of 21 schedules with 6 different options and 2048 shots may take tens of minutes up to hours depending on CPU performance. The schedules with longer cross resonance pulses are more computationally intensive than those with shorter ones.

avg_t_c, avg_c_c = run_ham_tomo(cr_times, cr_scheds)

126 / 126


## Fitting the Simulated Results

Using the scipy package, the fitting functions below will fit the Hamiltonian tomography data, Pauli expectations of the target qubit $\langle X(t) \rangle, \langle Y(t) \rangle, \langle Z(t) \rangle$, for the control prepared in either the ground or excited state. Note that we must use a trick to concatenate all the data into a single array by tileing the time array and vstacking the data so we can use the curve_fit function.

from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

def get_omega(eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y):
"""Return \Omega from parameter arguments."""
eOmega = np.sqrt(eDelta**2 + eOmega_x**2 + eOmega_y**2)
return eOmega

def avg_X(t, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y):
"""Return average X Pauli measurement vs time t"""
eOmega = get_omega(eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y)
eXt = (-eDelta*eOmega_x + eDelta*eOmega_x*np.cos(eOmega*t) + \
eOmega*eOmega_y*np.sin(eOmega*t)) / eOmega**2
return eXt

def avg_Y(t, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y):
"""Return average Y Pauli measurement vs time t"""
eOmega = get_omega(eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y)
eYt = (eDelta*eOmega_y - eDelta*eOmega_y*np.cos(eOmega*t) - \
eOmega*eOmega_x*np.sin(eOmega*t)) / eOmega**2
return eYt

def avg_Z(t, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y):
"""Return average Z Pauli measurement vs time t"""
eOmega = get_omega(eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y)
eZt = (eDelta**2 + (eOmega_x**2 + eOmega_y**2)*np.cos(eOmega*t)) / eOmega**2
return eZt

def rt_evol(ts, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y):
"""Stack average X,Y,Z Pauli measurements vertically."""
return np.vstack([avg_X(ts, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y), \
avg_Y(ts, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y), \
avg_Z(ts, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y)])

def rt_flat(ts, eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y):
"""Flatten X,Y,Z Pauli measurement data into 1D array."""
return rt_evol(ts[0:len(ts)//3], eDelta, eOmega_x, eOmega_y).flatten()

def fit_rt_evol(ts, eXt, eYt, eZt, p0):
"""Use curve_fit to determine fit parameters of X,Y,Z Pauli measurements together."""
rt_vec = np.asarray([eXt, eYt, eZt])

return curve_fit(rt_flat, np.tile(ts, 3), rt_vec.flatten(), p0=p0, method='trf')


### Plotting Functions

The above fits provide the parameters $\Omega^i_x, \Omega^i_y$, and $\Delta^i$ for the control qubit prepared in states $i = |0\rangle, |1\rangle$ (corresponding to $n=\pm 1$ in the equations above). The interaction rates (coefficients $a_\mu, b_\nu$ of the operators) are then determined as

$$IX = \frac{1}{2} \left( \Omega^0_x + \Omega^1_x\right) \qquad ZX = \frac{1}{2} \left( \Omega^0_x - \Omega^1_x\right) \\ IY = \frac{1}{2} \left( \Omega^0_y + \Omega^1_y\right) \qquad ZY = \frac{1}{2} \left( \Omega^0_y - \Omega^1_y\right) \\ IZ = \frac{1}{2} \left( \Delta^0 + \Delta^1\right) \qquad ZZ = \frac{1}{2} \left( \Delta^0 - \Delta^1\right)$$
def get_interation_rates_MHz(ground_fit, excited_fit):
"""Determine interaction rates from fits to ground and excited control qubit data."""
Delta0 = (ground_fit[0]/dt)/1e6
Omega0_x = (ground_fit[1]/dt)/1e6
Omega0_y = (ground_fit[2]/dt)/1e6
Delta1 = (excited_fit[0]/dt)/1e6
Omega1_x = (excited_fit[1]/dt)/1e6
Omega1_y = (excited_fit[2]/dt)/1e6

IX = 0.5*(Omega0_x + Omega1_x)
IY = 0.5*(Omega0_y + Omega1_y)
IZ = 0.5*(Delta0 + Delta1)
ZX = 0.5*(Omega0_x - Omega1_x)
ZY = 0.5*(Omega0_y - Omega1_y)
ZZ = 0.5*(Delta0 - Delta1)

return [[IX, IY, IZ], [ZX, ZY, ZZ]]

def plot_cr_ham_tomo(cr_times, avg_t_c, avg_c_c, ground_fit, excited_fit):
"""Plot Hamiltonian tomography data and curve fits with interaction rates."""
coeffs = get_interation_rates_MHz(ground_fit, excited_fit)
fig, (ax1, ax2, ax3) = plt.subplots(3, 1, figsize=(15,15), sharey = True)
ax1.scatter(cr_times, avg_t_c[0,:].real, lw=3.0, color='blue', label='ctrl in |0>')
ax1.plot(cr_times, avg_X(cr_times, *ground_fit), lw=3.0, color='blue')
ax1.scatter(cr_times, avg_t_c[1,:].real, lw=3.0, color='red', label='ctrl in |1>')
ax1.plot(cr_times, avg_X(cr_times, *excited_fit), lw=3.0, color='red')
ax1.set_ylabel('<X(t)>', fontsize=20)
ax1.set_title('Pauli Expectation Value', fontsize=20)
ax1.legend(loc=4, fontsize=14)
ax2.scatter(cr_times, avg_t_c[2,:].real, lw=3.0, color='blue', label='ctrl in |0>')
ax2.plot(cr_times, avg_Y(cr_times, *ground_fit), lw=3.0, color='blue')
ax2.scatter(cr_times, avg_t_c[3,:].real, lw=3.0, color='red', label='ctrl in |1>')
ax2.plot(cr_times, avg_Y(cr_times, *excited_fit), lw=3.0, color='red')
ax2.set_title('IX = %.3f MHz   IY = %.3f MHz   IZ = %.3f MHz' % \
(coeffs[0][0], coeffs[0][1], coeffs[0][2]), fontsize=20)
ax2.set_ylabel('<Y(t)>', fontsize=20)
ax2.legend(loc=4, fontsize=14)
ax3.scatter(cr_times, avg_t_c[4,:].real, lw=3.0, color='blue', label='ctrl in |0>')
ax3.plot(cr_times, avg_Z(cr_times, *ground_fit), lw=3.0, color='blue')
ax3.scatter(cr_times, avg_t_c[5,:].real, lw=3.0, color='red', label='ctrl in |1>')
ax3.plot(cr_times, avg_Z(cr_times, *excited_fit), lw=3.0, color='red')
ax3.set_title('ZX = %.3f MHz   ZY = %.3f MHz   ZZ = %.3f MHz' % \
(coeffs[1][0], coeffs[1][1], coeffs[1][2]), fontsize=20)
ax3.set_ylabel('<Z(t)>', fontsize=20)
ax3.set_xlabel('time (dt)', fontsize=20)
ax3.legend(loc=4, fontsize=14)


### Fit and Plot

ground_fit,_ = fit_rt_evol(cr_times, avg_t_c[0,:], avg_t_c[2,:], avg_t_c[4,:], p0=[0.0002, 0.0002, 0.0005])
excited_fit,_ = fit_rt_evol(cr_times, avg_t_c[1,:], avg_t_c[3,:], avg_t_c[5,:], p0=[0.0002, 0.001, 0.001])

plot_cr_ham_tomo(cr_times, avg_t_c, avg_c_c, ground_fit, excited_fit)


Note here that the magnitude of the $ZY$ interaction is a lot larger than the desired $ZX$ interaction. This is because the cross resonance pulse is out of phase with the single-qubit drive $IX$ on the target qubit (not the $IX$ here induced by the cross resonance pulse). We can determine this from the interaction rates and shift the phase of the cross resonance pulse in the next Hamiltonian tomography experiment.

coeffs = get_interation_rates_MHz(ground_fit, excited_fit)
ZX_rate = coeffs[1][0]
ZY_rate = coeffs[1][1]
phase = -np.arctan2(ZY_rate, ZX_rate)
print('Phase from ZY/ZX ratio is '+str(phase))

Phase from ZY/ZX ratio is -2.088132525402349

cr_scheds = build_cr_scheds(qc, qt, cr_times, phase=phase)
avg_t_c_mod, avg_c_c_mod = run_ham_tomo(cr_times, cr_scheds)

126 / 126

ground_fit_mod,_ = fit_rt_evol(cr_times, avg_t_c_mod[0,:], avg_t_c_mod[2,:], avg_t_c_mod[4,:], p0=[0, 0, 0.0001])
excited_fit_mod,_ = fit_rt_evol(cr_times, avg_t_c_mod[1,:], avg_t_c_mod[3,:], avg_t_c_mod[5,:], p0=[0.001, 0.001, 0.0000001])

plot_cr_ham_tomo(cr_times, avg_t_c_mod, avg_c_c_mod, ground_fit_mod, excited_fit_mod)


Now we can see that the bulk of the cross resonance pulse provides the $ZX$-interaction that we can use to entangle qubits. Note that the scale of the Pauli expectation graph of $\langle X(t) \rangle$ differs from the other graphs.

## Measure ZI (Stark Shift) via CR Ramsey Experiment

Here we measure the $ZI$ interaction term via a Ramsey experiment, recalling that the resulting oscillation are a result of the difference between the qubit and drive frequency. Since the frequency (Stark) shift and $ZI$ interaction are equivalent because a frequency shift induces a $Z$-rotation on the control qubit, we can measure this shift and compensate for it with a frame change.

def build_cr_ramsey_scheds(qc: int, qt: int, cr_times, phase=0.0, ZI_MHz=0.0) -> np.array:
"""Build array of pulse schedules for CR Ramsey experiment.

Args:
qc: control qubit index
qt: target qubit index
cr_times: width of cross resonance pulses (in dt)
phase: phase offset of cross resonance pulse (rad)
ZI_MHz: Z-rotation rate of control qubit (in MHz) compensated in software by frame change
"""
scheds = []

cr_gate = circuit.Gate('cr', num_qubits=2, params=[])
cr_risefall = (cr_params['duration'] - cr_params['width']) / (2 * cr_params['sigma'])

for width in cr_times:
ramsey_cr_params = cr_params.copy()
ramsey_cr_params['duration'] = int(width + 2 * cr_risefall * cr_params['sigma'])
ramsey_cr_params['width'] = width
framechange = 2 * np.pi * int(width) * dt * ZI_MHz * 1e6
with pulse.build(backend) as cr_sched:
uchan = pulse.control_channels(qc, qt)[0]
with pulse.phase_offset(phase, uchan):
pulse.play(GaussianSquare(**ramsey_cr_params), uchan)
ramsey_circ = circuit.QuantumCircuit(5)

ramsey_circ.sx(qc)

ramsey_circ.append(cr_gate, [qc, qt])
ramsey_circ.rz(-framechange, qc)

ramsey_circ.sx(qc)

ramsey_circ.measure_all()
ramsey_circ.add_calibration(gate=cr_gate, qubits=[qc, qt], schedule=cr_sched)
ramsey_circ_transpiled = transpile(ramsey_circ, backend, optimization_level=1)
sched = schedule(ramsey_circ_transpiled, backend)
scheds.append(sched)

return scheds

cr_ramsey_times = 16*np.linspace(0, 100, 21)
cr_ramsey_scheds = build_cr_ramsey_scheds(qc, qt, cr_ramsey_times)
cr_ramsey_scheds[-1].draw(backend = backend)

cr_ramsey_result = []
count = 0
for sched in cr_ramsey_scheds:
results = run_pulse(sched)
cr_ramsey_result.append(np.real(1 - 2 * results[qc]))
count += 1
print(count, "/", len(cr_ramsey_scheds), end = "\r")

21 / 21


### Fitting Functions for the CR Ramsey Experiment

We will fit the results to a decaying sinusoid, where the frequency of oscillation is the frequency offset. We will also need to take care of the relation between the control and target qubit frequencies, because that will effect whether the control qubit Stark shift is higher or lower in frequency.

def decay_sin(t, f, a, phi, tau, offset):
"""Fit function for exponentially-decaying sinusoid."""
return a * np.exp(-t / tau) * np.sin(2 * np.pi * f * t - phi) + offset

def fit_decay_sin(ts, values, p0):
"""Perform fit of decaying sinusoid."""
return curve_fit(decay_sin, ts, values, p0=p0)

def plot_cr_ramsey(cr_ramsey_times, cr_ramsey_result, ramsey_fit):
"""Plot CR Ramsey experiment and fit with ZI interaction rate."""
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(15, 5))
ax.scatter(cr_ramsey_times, cr_ramsey_result, lw = 3.0, color = 'red')
ax.plot(cr_ramsey_times, decay_sin(cr_ramsey_times, *ramsey_fit), lw = 3.0, color = 'red')
ax.set_ylabel('<Z(t)>', fontsize = 20)
ax.set_title('CR Ramsey Rate (ZI = %.3f MHz)' % ((ramsey_fit[0] / dt) / 1e6), fontsize = 20)
ax.set_xlabel('time (dt)', fontsize = 20)

ramsey_fit,_ = fit_decay_sin(cr_ramsey_times, cr_ramsey_result, p0 = [0.0025, 1, -np.pi / 2, 300, 0.5])
plot_cr_ramsey(cr_ramsey_times, cr_ramsey_result, ramsey_fit)

oscillator_freqs = [] # qubit transition frequencies
SF = 1 / (2 * np.pi) # scale factor to convert from angular frequency to Hz

for key in ham_params:
if 'wq' in key:
oscillator_freqs.append(ham_params[key] * SF)

ZI_rate = np.sign(oscillator_freqs[qc] - oscillator_freqs[qt]) * (ramsey_fit[0] / dt) / 1e6
print('Shift frame according to ZI rate of %.3f MHz' % ZI_rate)

Shift frame according to ZI rate of 9.578 MHz


Now we will rebuild the Ramsey schedule to compensate for the Stark shift and rerun the experiment.

# run simulation to longer times
cr_ramsey_times = 16 * np.linspace(0, 250, 21)
cr_ramsey_scheds = build_cr_ramsey_scheds(1, 0, cr_ramsey_times, phase = 0, ZI_MHz = ZI_rate)

cr_ramsey_result = []
count = 0

for sched in cr_ramsey_scheds:
result = run_pulse(sched)
cr_ramsey_result.append(np.real(1 - 2 * result[qc]))
count += 1
print(count, "/", len(cr_ramsey_scheds), end = "\r")

21 / 21

ramsey_fit,_ = fit_decay_sin(cr_ramsey_times, cr_ramsey_result, p0 = [0.00001, 0.1, 0, 300, -0.1])
plot_cr_ramsey(cr_ramsey_times, cr_ramsey_result, ramsey_fit)


We can see that we have substantially (but not totally) reduced the frequency shift (due to higher-order levels, etc.). At this point, we could return to the Hamiltonian tomography experiment

cr_scheds = build_cr_scheds(qc, qt, cr_times, phase=phase, ZI_MHz=ZI_rate)

However, since the frame change only affects the control qubit, the results would be identical to the second one.

## References

[1] S Sheldon, E Magesan, JM Chow, and JM Gambetta, "Procedure for systematically tuning up crosstalk in the cross resonance gate," Phys Rev A 93, 060302 (2016)
[2] T Alexander, N Kanazawa, DJ Egger, L Capelluto, CJ Wood, A Javadi-Abhari and DC McKay, "Qiskit pulse: programming quantum computers through the cloud with pulses", Quantum Sci. Technol. 5 044006 (2020)
[3] DC McKay, CJ Wood, S Sheldon, JM Chow, and JM Gambetta, "Efficient Z-Gates for Quantum Computing," Phys Rev A 96, 022330 (2017)

import qiskit.tools.jupyter
%qiskit_version_table

{'qiskit-terra': '0.16.0',
'qiskit-aer': '0.7.0',
'qiskit-ignis': '0.5.0',
'qiskit-ibmq-provider': '0.11.0',
'qiskit-aqua': '0.8.0',
'qiskit': '0.23.0'}