Code source de qiskit_machine_learning.algorithms.classifiers.neural_network_classifier

# This code is part of a Qiskit project.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2021, 2023.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
"""An implementation of quantum neural network classifier."""

from __future__ import annotations

from typing import Callable, cast

import numpy as np
import scipy.sparse
from qiskit_algorithms.optimizers import Optimizer, OptimizerResult, Minimizer
from scipy.sparse import spmatrix
from sklearn.base import ClassifierMixin
from sklearn.exceptions import NotFittedError
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder, LabelEncoder
from sklearn.utils.validation import check_is_fitted

from ..objective_functions import (
    BinaryObjectiveFunction,
    OneHotObjectiveFunction,
    MultiClassObjectiveFunction,
    ObjectiveFunction,
)
from ..trainable_model import TrainableModel
from ...exceptions import QiskitMachineLearningError
from ...neural_networks import NeuralNetwork
from ...utils.loss_functions import Loss


[docs]class NeuralNetworkClassifier(TrainableModel, ClassifierMixin): """Implements a basic quantum neural network classifier. Implements Scikit-Learn compatible methods for classification and extends ``ClassifierMixin``. See `Scikit-Learn <https://scikit-learn.org>`__ for more details. """ def __init__( self, neural_network: NeuralNetwork, loss: str | Loss = "squared_error", one_hot: bool = False, optimizer: Optimizer | Minimizer | None = None, warm_start: bool = False, initial_point: np.ndarray = None, callback: Callable[[np.ndarray, float], None] | None = None, ): """ Args: neural_network: An instance of an quantum neural network. If the neural network has a one-dimensional output, i.e., `neural_network.output_shape=(1,)`, then it is expected to return values in [-1, +1] and it can only be used for binary classification. If the output is multi-dimensional, it is assumed that the result is a probability distribution, i.e., that the entries are non-negative and sum up to one. Then there are two options, either one-hot encoding or not. In case of one-hot encoding, each probability vector resulting a neural network is considered as one sample and the loss function is applied to the whole vector. Otherwise, each entry of the probability vector is considered as an individual sample and the loss function is applied to the index and weighted with the corresponding probability. loss: A target loss function to be used in training. Default is `squared_error`, i.e. L2 loss. Can be given either as a string for 'absolute_error' (i.e. L1 Loss), 'squared_error', 'cross_entropy', or as a loss function implementing the Loss interface. one_hot: Determines in the case of a multi-dimensional result of the neural_network how to interpret the result. If True it is interpreted as a single one-hot-encoded sample (e.g. for 'CrossEntropy' loss function), and if False as a set of individual predictions with occurrence probabilities (the index would be the prediction and the value the corresponding frequency, e.g. for absolute/squared loss). In case of a one-dimensional categorical output, this option determines how to encode the target data (i.e. one-hot or integer encoding). optimizer: An instance of an optimizer or a callable to be used in training. Refer to :class:`~qiskit_algorithms.optimizers.Minimizer` for more information on the callable protocol. When `None` defaults to :class:`~qiskit_algorithms.optimizers.SLSQP`. warm_start: Use weights from previous fit to start next fit. initial_point: Initial point for the optimizer to start from. callback: a reference to a user's callback function that has two parameters and returns ``None``. The callback can access intermediate data during training. On each iteration an optimizer invokes the callback and passes current weights as an array and a computed value as a float of the objective function being optimized. This allows to track how well optimization / training process is going on. Raises: QiskitMachineLearningError: unknown loss, invalid neural network """ super().__init__(neural_network, loss, optimizer, warm_start, initial_point, callback) self._one_hot = one_hot # encodes the target data if categorical self._target_encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False) if one_hot else LabelEncoder() # For ensuring the number of classes matches those of the previous # batch when training from a warm start. self._num_classes: int | None = None @property def num_classes(self) -> int | None: """The number of classes found in the most recent fit. If called before :meth:`fit`, this will return ``None``. """ # For user checking and validation. return self._num_classes # pylint: disable=invalid-name def _fit_internal(self, X: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray) -> OptimizerResult: X, y = self._validate_input(X, y) function = self._create_objective(X, y) return self._minimize(function) def _create_objective(self, X: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray) -> ObjectiveFunction: """ Creates an objective function that depends on the classification we want to solve. Args: X: The input data. y: True values for ``X``. Returns: An instance of the objective function. """ # mypy definition function: ObjectiveFunction = None if self._neural_network.output_shape == (1,): self._validate_binary_targets(y) function = BinaryObjectiveFunction(X, y, self._neural_network, self._loss) else: if self._one_hot: function = OneHotObjectiveFunction(X, y, self._neural_network, self._loss) else: function = MultiClassObjectiveFunction(X, y, self._neural_network, self._loss) return function
[docs] def predict(self, X: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray: self._check_fitted() X, _ = self._validate_input(X) if self._neural_network.output_shape == (1,): predict = np.sign(self._neural_network.forward(X, self._fit_result.x)) else: forward = self._neural_network.forward(X, self._fit_result.x) predict_ = np.argmax(forward, axis=1) if self._one_hot: predict = np.zeros(forward.shape) for i, v in enumerate(predict_): predict[i, v] = 1 else: predict = predict_ return self._validate_output(predict)
[docs] def score(self, X: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray, sample_weight: np.ndarray | None = None) -> float: return ClassifierMixin.score(self, X, y, sample_weight)
def _validate_input(self, X: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray = None) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]: """ Validates and transforms if required features and labels. If arrays are sparse, they are converted to dense as the numpy math in the loss/objective functions does not work with sparse. If one hot encoding is required, then labels are one hot encoded otherwise label are encoded via ``LabelEncoder`` from ``SciKit-Learn``. If labels are strings, they converted to numerical representation. Args: X: features y: labels Returns: A tuple with validated and transformed features and labels. """ if scipy.sparse.issparse(X): # our math does not work with sparse arrays X = cast(spmatrix, X).toarray() # cast is required by mypy if y is not None: if scipy.sparse.issparse(y): y = cast(spmatrix, y).toarray() # cast is required by mypy if isinstance(y[0], str): y = self._encode_categorical_labels(y) elif self._one_hot and not self._validate_one_hot_targets(y, raise_on_failure=False): y = self._encode_one_hot_labels(y) self._num_classes = self._get_num_classes(y) return X, y def _encode_categorical_labels(self, y: np.ndarray): # string data is assumed to be categorical # OneHotEncoder expects data with shape (n_samples, n_features) but # LabelEncoder expects shape (n_samples,) so set desired shape y = y.reshape(-1, 1) if self._one_hot else y if self._fit_result is None: # the model is being trained, fit first self._target_encoder.fit(y) y = self._target_encoder.transform(y) return y def _encode_one_hot_labels(self, y: np.ndarray): # conversion to one hot of the labels is required y = y.reshape(-1, 1) if self._fit_result is None: # the model is being trained, fit first self._target_encoder.fit(y) y = self._target_encoder.transform(y) return y def _validate_output(self, y_hat: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray: try: check_is_fitted(self._target_encoder) return self._target_encoder.inverse_transform(y_hat).squeeze() except NotFittedError: return y_hat def _validate_binary_targets(self, y: np.ndarray) -> None: """Validate binary encoded targets. Raises: QiskitMachineLearningError: If targets are invalid. """ if len(y.shape) != 1: raise QiskitMachineLearningError( "The shape of the targets does not match the shape of neural network output." ) if len(np.unique(y)) != 2: raise QiskitMachineLearningError( "The target values appear to be multi-classified. " "The neural network output shape is only suitable for binary classification." ) def _validate_one_hot_targets(self, y: np.ndarray, raise_on_failure=True) -> bool: """ Validate one-hot encoded labels. Ensure one-hot encoded data is valid and not multi-label. Args: y: targets raise_on_failure: If ``True``, raises :class:`~QiskitMachineLearningError` if the labels are not one hot encoded. If set to ``False``, returns ``False`` if labels are not one hot encoded and no errors are raised. Returns: ``True`` when targets are one hot encoded, ``False`` otherwise. Raises: QiskitMachineLearningError: If targets are invalid. """ if len(y.shape) != 2: if raise_on_failure: raise QiskitMachineLearningError( f"One hot encoded targets must be of shape (num_samples, num_classes), " f"but found {y.shape}." ) return False if not np.isin(y, [0, 1]).all(): if raise_on_failure: raise QiskitMachineLearningError( "Invalid one-hot targets. The targets must contain only 0's and 1's." ) return False if not np.isin(np.sum(y, axis=-1), 1).all(): if raise_on_failure: raise QiskitMachineLearningError( "The target values appear to be multi-labelled. " "Multi-label classification is not supported." ) return False return True def _get_num_classes(self, y: np.ndarray) -> int: """Infers the number of classes from the targets. Args: y: The target values. Raises: QiskitMachineLearningError: If the number of classes differs from the previous batch when using a warm start. Returns: The number of inferred classes. """ if self._one_hot: num_classes = y.shape[-1] else: num_classes = len(np.unique(y)) if self._warm_start and self._num_classes is not None and self._num_classes != num_classes: raise QiskitMachineLearningError( f"The number of classes ({num_classes}) is different to the previous batch " f"({self._num_classes})." ) return num_classes