# qiskit.algorithms.HHL¶

class HHL(epsilon=0.01, expectation=None, quantum_instance=None)[código fonte]

Systems of linear equations arise naturally in many real-life applications in a wide range of areas, such as in the solution of Partial Differential Equations, the calibration of financial models, fluid simulation or numerical field calculation. The problem can be defined as, given a matrix $$A\in\mathbb{C}^{N\times N}$$ and a vector $$\vec{b}\in\mathbb{C}^{N}$$, find $$\vec{x}\in\mathbb{C}^{N}$$ satisfying $$A\vec{x}=\vec{b}$$.

A system of linear equations is called $$s$$-sparse if $$A$$ has at most $$s$$ non-zero entries per row or column. Solving an $$s$$-sparse system of size $$N$$ with a classical computer requires $$\mathcal{ O }(Ns\kappa\log(1/\epsilon))$$ running time using the conjugate gradient method. Here $$\kappa$$ denotes the condition number of the system and $$\epsilon$$ the accuracy of the approximation.

The HHL is a quantum algorithm to estimate a function of the solution with running time complexity of $$\mathcal{ O }(\log(N)s^{2}\kappa^{2}/\epsilon)$$ when $$A$$ is a Hermitian matrix under the assumptions of efficient oracles for loading the data, Hamiltonian simulation and computing a function of the solution. This is an exponential speed up in the size of the system, however one crucial remark to keep in mind is that the classical algorithm returns the full solution, while the HHL can only approximate functions of the solution vector.

Exemplos

import numpy as np
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.algorithms.linear_solvers.hhl import HHL
from qiskit.algorithms.linear_solvers.matrices import TridiagonalToeplitz
from qiskit.algorithms.linear_solvers.observables import MatrixFunctional

matrix = TridiagonalToeplitz(2, 1, 1 / 3, trotter_steps=2)
right_hand_side = [1.0, -2.1, 3.2, -4.3]
observable = MatrixFunctional(1, 1 / 2)
rhs = right_hand_side / np.linalg.norm(right_hand_side)

# Initial state circuit
num_qubits = matrix.num_state_qubits
qc = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
qc.isometry(rhs, list(range(num_qubits)), None)

hhl = HHL()
solution = hhl.solve(matrix, qc, observable)
approx_result = solution.observable


Referências

[1]: Harrow, A. W., Hassidim, A., Lloyd, S. (2009). Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 15 (2009), 1–15.

[2]: Carrera Vazquez, A., Hiptmair, R., & Woerner, S. (2020). Enhancing the Quantum Linear Systems Algorithm using Richardson Extrapolation. arXiv:2009.04484

Parâmetros
• epsilon (float) – Error tolerance of the approximation to the solution, i.e. if $$x$$ is the exact solution and $$\tilde{x}$$ the one calculated by the algorithm, then $$||x - \tilde{x}|| \le epsilon$$.

• expectation (Optional[ExpectationBase]) – The expectation converter applied to the expectation values before evaluation. If None then PauliExpectation is used.

• quantum_instance (Union[Backend, BaseBackend, QuantumInstance, None]) – Quantum Instance or Backend. If None, a Statevector calculation is done.

__init__(epsilon=0.01, expectation=None, quantum_instance=None)[código fonte]
Parâmetros
• epsilon (float) – Error tolerance of the approximation to the solution, i.e. if $$x$$ is the exact solution and $$\tilde{x}$$ the one calculated by the algorithm, then $$||x - \tilde{x}|| \le epsilon$$.

• expectation (Optional[ExpectationBase]) – The expectation converter applied to the expectation values before evaluation. If None then PauliExpectation is used.

• quantum_instance (Union[Backend, BaseBackend, QuantumInstance, None]) – Quantum Instance or Backend. If None, a Statevector calculation is done.

Methods

 __init__([epsilon, expectation, …]) type epsilon float construct_circuit(matrix, vector) Construct the HHL circuit. solve(matrix, vector[, observable, …]) Tries to solve the given linear system of equations.

Attributes

 expectation The expectation value algorithm used to construct the expectation measurement from the observable. quantum_instance Get the quantum instance. scaling The scaling of the solution vector.
construct_circuit(matrix, vector)[código fonte]

Construct the HHL circuit.

Parâmetros
• matrix (Union[List, ndarray, QuantumCircuit]) – The matrix specifying the system, i.e. A in Ax=b.

• vector (Union[List, ndarray, QuantumCircuit]) – The vector specifying the right hand side of the equation in Ax=b.

Tipo de retorno

QuantumCircuit

Retorna

The HHL circuit.

Levanta
• ValueError – If the input is not in the correct format.

• ValueError – If the type of the input matrix is not supported.

property expectation

The expectation value algorithm used to construct the expectation measurement from the observable.

Tipo de retorno

ExpectationBase

property quantum_instance

Get the quantum instance.

Tipo de retorno

Optional[QuantumInstance]

Retorna

The quantum instance used to run this algorithm.

property scaling

The scaling of the solution vector.

Tipo de retorno

float

solve(matrix, vector, observable=None, observable_circuit=None, post_processing=None)[código fonte]

Tries to solve the given linear system of equations.

Parâmetros
• matrix (Union[List, ndarray, QuantumCircuit]) – The matrix specifying the system, i.e. A in Ax=b.

• vector (Union[List, ndarray, QuantumCircuit]) – The vector specifying the right hand side of the equation in Ax=b.

• observable (Union[LinearSystemObservable, BaseOperator, List[LinearSystemObservable], List[BaseOperator], None]) – Optional information to be extracted from the solution. Default is the probability of success of the algorithm.

• observable_circuit (Union[QuantumCircuit, List[QuantumCircuit], None]) – Optional circuit to be applied to the solution to extract information. Default is None.

• post_processing (Optional[Callable[[Union[float, List[float]]], Union[float, List[float]]]]) – Optional function to compute the value of the observable. Default is the raw value of measuring the observable.

Levanta

ValueError – If an invalid combination of observable, observable_circuit and post_processing is passed.

Tipo de retorno

LinearSolverResult

Retorna

The result object containing information about the solution vector of the linear system.