Introduction to Qiskit¶

When using Qiskit a user workflow nominally consists of following four high-level steps:

Build: Design a quantum circuit(s) that represents the problem you are considering.
Compile: Compile circuits for a specific quantum service, e.g. a quantum system or classical simulator.
Run: Run the compiled circuits on the specified quantum service(s). These services can be cloud-based or local.
Analyze: Compute summary statistics and visualize the results of the experiments.

Here is an example of the entire workflow, with each step explained in detail in subsequent sections:

import numpy as np
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
from qiskit.providers.aer import QasmSimulator
from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram

# Use Aer's qasm_simulator
simulator = QasmSimulator()

# Create a Quantum Circuit acting on the q register
circuit = QuantumCircuit(2, 2)

# Add a H gate on qubit 0
circuit.h(0)

# Add a CX (CNOT) gate on control qubit 0 and target qubit 1
circuit.cx(0, 1)

# Map the quantum measurement to the classical bits
circuit.measure([0,1], [0,1])

# compile the circuit down to low-level QASM instructions
# supported by the backend (not needed for simple circuits)
compiled_circuit = transpile(circuit, simulator)

# Execute the circuit on the qasm simulator
job = simulator.run(compiled_circuit, shots=1000)

# Grab results from the job
result = job.result()

# Returns counts
counts = result.get_counts(compiled_circuit)
print("\nTotal count for 00 and 11 are:",counts)

# Draw the circuit
circuit.draw()


Total count for 00 and 11 are: {'11': 477, '00': 523}

     ┌───┐     ┌─┐   
q_0: ┤ H ├──■──┤M├───
     └───┘┌─┴─┐└╥┘┌─┐
q_1: ─────┤ X ├─╫─┤M├
          └───┘ ║ └╥┘
c: 2/═══════════╩══╩═
                0  1

# Plot a histogram
plot_histogram(counts)

Workflow Step–by–Step¶

The program above can be broken down into six steps:

Import packages
Initialize variables
Add gates
Visualize the circuit
Simulate the experiment
Visualize the results

Step 1 : Import Packages¶

The basic elements needed for your program are imported as follows:

import numpy as np
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.providers.aer import QasmSimulator
from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram

In more detail, the imports are

QuantumCircuit: can be thought as the instructions of the quantum system. It holds all your quantum operations.
QasmSimulator: is the Aer high performance circuit simulator.
plot_histogram: creates histograms.

Step 2 : Initialize Variables¶

Consider the next line of code

circuit = QuantumCircuit(2, 2)

Here, you are initializing with 2 qubits in the zero state; with 2 classical bits set to zero; and circuit is the quantum circuit.

Syntax:

QuantumCircuit(int, int)

Step 3 : Add Gates¶

You can add gates (operations) to manipulate the registers of your circuit.

Consider the following three lines of code:

circuit.h(0)
circuit.cx(0, 1)
circuit.measure([0,1], [0,1])

The gates are added to the circuit one-by-one to form the Bell state

\[|\psi\rangle = \left(|00\rangle+|11\rangle\right)/\sqrt{2}.\]

The code above applies the following gates:

QuantumCircuit.h(0): A Hadamard gate \(H\) on qubit 0, which puts it into a superposition state.
QuantumCircuit.cx(0, 1): A controlled-Not operation (\(CNOT\)) on control qubit 0 and target qubit 1, putting the qubits in an entangled state.
QuantumCircuit.measure([0,1], [0,1]): if you pass the entire quantum and classical registers to measure, the ith qubit’s measurement result will be stored in the ith classical bit.

Step 4 : Visualize the Circuit¶

You can use qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit.draw() to view the circuit that you have designed in the various forms used in many textbooks and research articles.

circuit.draw()

     ┌───┐     ┌─┐   
q_0: ┤ H ├──■──┤M├───
     └───┘┌─┴─┐└╥┘┌─┐
q_1: ─────┤ X ├─╫─┤M├
          └───┘ ║ └╥┘
c: 2/═══════════╩══╩═
                0  1

In this circuit, the qubits are ordered with qubit zero at the top and qubit one at the bottom. The circuit is read left-to-right, meaning that gates which are applied earlier in the circuit show up farther to the left.

The default backend for QuantumCircuit.draw() or qiskit.visualization.circuit_drawer() is the text backend. However, depending on your local environment you may want to change these defaults to something better suited for your use case. This is done with the user config file. By default the user config file should be located in ~/.qiskit/settings.conf and is a .ini file.

For example, a settings.conf file for setting a Matplotlib drawer is:

[default]
circuit_drawer = mpl

You can use any of the valid circuit drawer backends as the value for this config, this includes text, mpl, latex, and latex_source.

Step 5 : Simulate the Experiment¶

Qiskit Aer is a high performance simulator framework for quantum circuits. It provides several backends to achieve different simulation goals.

If you have issues installing Aer, you can alternatively use the Basic Aer provider by replacing Aer with BasicAer. Basic Aer is included in Qiskit Terra.

import numpy as np
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
from qiskit.providers.basicaer import QasmSimulatorPy
...

To simulate this circuit, you will use the qasm_simulator. Each run of this circuit will yield either the bit string 00 or 11.

simulator = QasmSimulator()
compiled_circuit = transpile(circuit, simulator)
job = simulator.run(compiled_circuit, shots=1000)
result = job.result()
counts = result.get_counts(circuit)
print("\nTotal count for 00 and 11 are:",counts)


Total count for 00 and 11 are: {'00': 501, '11': 499}

As expected, the output bit string is 00 approximately 50 percent of the time. The number of times the circuit is run can be specified via the shots argument of the execute method. The number of shots of the simulation was set to be 1000 (the default is 1024).

Once you have a result object, you can access the counts via the method get_counts(circuit). This gives you the aggregate outcomes of the experiment you ran.

Step 6 : Visualize the Results¶

Qiskit provides many visualizations,

including the function plot_histogram, to view your results.

plot_histogram(counts)

The observed probabilities \(Pr(00)\) and \(Pr(11)\) are computed by taking the respective counts and dividing by the total number of shots.

Bemerkung

Try changing the shots keyword in the run() method to see how the estimated probabilities change.

Next Steps¶

Now that you have learnt the basics, consider these learning resources: